Africa


 * Africa **



** Essential Questions: **
 * **How can political change cause conflict?**
 * Political change can cause conflict if the change is against the popular opinion, because when people are forced to experience change that they don't want, then they'll fight back against it. People against the change will gladly fight to change it back.
 * **How does the development of nationalism impact people, nations, and empires?**
 * The development of nationalism can unite people, create nations, and destroy empires, because by having a single title to go by, such as French or Russian, the people will feel a closer bond to one another, regardless of their ethnicity. This single title can bring together a multitude of people who're willing to fight for and create a cohesive nation under that unified title. When independent nations begin to pop-up, empires begin to lose their grasp on the people within their borders, eventually collapsing. This creates a conflict between people who want independence and those who don't. Nationalism is greatly centered around preserving culture.
 * **How can political relationships affect economic relationships?**
 * When two nations or entities have strong political ties, then they're more inclined to make economic ties, because there is that established trust. Political relationships can lead to economic relief.
 * **What characteristics and factors unite people as a nation?**
 * Ethnicity, ideas, race, and religion can unite people, because each of these can spread and become stronger when more people are a part of it, encouraging unification. A common enemy, a common leader, and a common belief/ need. Catastrophes, cultures, holidays, and language.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1tmVQy07ad52KetfBFLRLIp-Bxg4Dkp8dEUVeOm5HnlA/edit
 * // Questions on the Map of Africa: //**

__** Imperialism in Africa: **__
 * "Scramble for Africa"
 * 16th century = first real colonization of Africa
 * Industrialization lead to the wanting for more colonial land
 * European industrialization needed raw materials to fuel the industries of the 1900s, which they could get from Africa
 * Diseases, no horses, and useless guns meant that the Europeans couldn't take over African land
 * Once steamships, the Maxim machine gun, and disease treatments came about, the Europeans actually conquered most of Africa
 * Europeans used indirect rule through intermediaries to rule their colonial countries
 * These intermediaries actually did still have control, but could easily be replaced by Europeans
 * Any resistance against the Europeans could easily be crushed by the overwhelming European power
 * Ethiopian's were able to stand against the Italians using European technology
 * Imperialism allows for us to have cheap products made in countries outside of the Western World
 * Europeans brutally slayed Africans in order to achieve resource dominance
 * European empires had strong economies while Africans didn't
 * Slave trade led to inter-tribal warfare
 * Rubber and petroleum were valued African resources
 * Missionaries opened hospitals and schools throughout colonies
 * Belgian Congo: worst oppression, harvesting ivory and rubber
 * Heart of Darkness: Congo corrupts people, the evils of imperialism
 * Ethiopia and Liberia were only nations to resist imperialism

//** "Like a cyclone, imperialism spins across the globe; militarism crushes peoples, and sucks the blood like a vampire." **//


 * By Karl Liebknecht **


 * Response: ** This quote refers to the fact that European imperialism was an overwhelming force at its height. When a colony was established by the Europeans, they would then have free reign over the peoples of the colony, destroying their livelihoods and cultures in order to make a profit. Any resistance would be thoroughly wiped out by the superior European military might, and once the colony was out of resources it would be abandoned.

//** The Scramble for Africa Mark-Up: **// https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sf-o33jywLrusoBVtai35fnl4JACJEGDJw1T2mhmWQo/edit

//** Graphic Organizer: New Imperialism: **// https://docs.google.com/document/d/10713huGDAx90lLOCgo0jdQWyOuNTXPg8YQE2OP9tED0/edit


 * Reasons for Imperialism in Africa: **
 * 1) ** Economic Interests **
 * Economic interests were, in my opinion, the main driving force behind the imperialist land-grab in Africa, because of how the world was changing in Europe during this time period. The Industrial Revolution was the new driving force for economic dominance after the death of the African slave trade. The Industrial Revolution was a time when resources such as coal and metals were in extremely high demand, due to the need to produce manufactured goods. With a massive, unclaimed continent to their south, European nations would have been blind fools to not seek to exploit the natural resources of Africa when it would be so incredibly easy to do so. Furthermore, if the governments of the European nations weren't so willing to try and colonize, the entrepreneurs of these nations, who were ready to take massive risks to make a profit, would take the first steps. With a secure position established by these people, the European governments could disguise imperialism as simply protecting their countrymen's interests. While cultural superiority was important, without helping to turn a profit, there'd be no reason to actually support imperialism based on something that couldn't pay the entire nation's bills. Political dominance was in the same position as culture, because while having respect and land is important for a powerful empire, having resources to fuel their economies tops all; without a strong, modern economy, no nation, regardless of the size or amount of land that they owned, could dominate.
 * 1) ** Cultural Motives **
 * 2) ** Political Competition **

//** Frayer Model on Imperialism: **// https://docs.google.com/document/d/10tgrjMd7Mz7Qihp-XixipeVTyzgUjh1pCo4PNOZMcso/edit

//** Berlin Conference Mark-Up/ Video Notes (BELOW!): **// https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ClpqlYQYvwmL9LaVJGnbWNfVLQxfOHrScDZxrCWP3nQ/edit#


 * German Chancellor invited the members of the Berlin Conference together in order to decide how to carve-up Africa
 * Absolutely no black people were present at the Berlin Conference
 * The Conference lasted six months, in which "Terra Incognita" (Africa) was going to be carved-up
 * The Berlin Conference established many of the present-day African borders


 * Berlin Conference in 5 words: ** Conquest, Greed, Cooperation, Trade, Spheres-of-Influence

// PICTURE DETECTIVE: //


 * Question:** Why would the "uncivilized peoples" of the world only be riding on the shoulders of the US and UK?


 * What do you see?:**
 * Uncle Sam carrying a basket full of dark-skinned people on his back (Cuban, African, Native American)
 * A British man carrying a basket full of East Asian and Indian people on his back.
 * The two symbolic men are arduously trekking uphill along boulders with negative qualities written on them
 * They are headed toward a golden, shining woman labeled "Civilization"
 * The people who're in the baskets want to get out of them/ don't care for what's happening.


 * Message:** The message of this cartoon is that the major world powers, namely the US and UK, are responsible for bringing the "uncivilized peoples" of the world up from the negative qualities of their old lives to the wonder and glory of civilization.

//** "The White Man's Burden" Questions: **// > //Go send your sons to exile ,// > //To serve your captive’s need" //
 * 1. According to Kipling, and in your own words, what was the “White Man’s Burden”? **
 * The "White Man's Burden" was to go to the uncivilized peoples that they conquered and bring them knowledge and civilization, bettering them as a race.
 * 2. What reward did Kipling suggest the “White Man” gets for carrying his “burden”? **
 * The reward would be the knowledge that the white men have done everything that they could have to bring the savages to civilization, in turn gaining them recognition and praise from their fellow white men.
 * 3. Who did Kipling think would read his poem? What do you think that this audience might have said in response to it? **
 * Kipling thought that the poem would be read by Senators and other government officials in order to influence them to vote in favor of US imperialism. This audience might have said that Kipling was either a truly heroic speaker or a misguided dreamer, because there were those in the government that wanted US imperialism and those that wanted nothing to do with the "lesser" peoples of the world, thinking that they'd never be able to become civilized.
 * 4. What lines of the poem did you find the most interesting and why? **
 * //"Send forth the best ye breed ,//
 * I found these lines to be the most interesting, because they express the idea that the "white man's burden" would need to be accomplished through the use of the best-of-the-best of the white people, which speaks about the faith that Kipling had in his imperialist mind for his plan: the white people would be doing the best that they could to bring civilization to the savages, including using their future generations to accomplish this goal.

//** "The Black Man's Burden" Message: **// The message of this poem is that the white man is being a hypocritical race of people. They want to help the savages, but they use overwhelming force in the form of "**//fearless armies//**" and "**//bullets//**" to suppress people using "**//clubs and arrows//**". The white man wants to bring the savages to civilization, but take a look at the "**//Red Man//**", who the white man had almost exterminated in order to "civilize" them. The burden will always land back on the Black Man, no matter what.

//** Primary Sources on African Imperialism: **//

//"Throughout history it has been the inaction of those who could have acted, the indifference of those who should have known better, the silence of the voice of justice when it mattered that has made it possible for evil to triumph."// **Haille Selassie, Ethiopian emperor, 1892-1975**
 * **What is the perspective of the author? What events might have caused the author to think as he does?**
 * The emperor's perspective is that he believed that the European nations were evil in their attempts to conquer all of Africa. The invasion of Ethiopia, his nation, by the Italians in the late 1800's in an attempt to make the nation a colony of Italy caused him to think this way. He saw only evil and greed in the eyes of the Europeans that wanted to claim his land, which he successfully defended.
 * **Why might the author be making this statement?**
 * He made this statement to possibly encourage other African nations that were being colonized by the Europeans to take action and defend against their vicious attempts at colonization, like the Ethiopians did.
 * **How does the quote relate to Imperialism in Africa? Explain.**
 * The quote relates to African Imperialism, because during the late 1800's and early 1900's, European powers were carving-up the African continent, destroying the lives of the people that lived on that continent, sometimes without mercy. The emperor's quote refers to the fact that the Africans and the rest of the world did nothing to stop the onslaught of the Europeans, only looking back on these tragic events and saying, "oh..."

**"On French Colonial Expansion" A Speech before the French Chamber of Deputies, March 28, 1884, by Jules Ferry (1832-1893): Ferry was twice prime minister of France, from (1880-1881, 1883-1885)** //Gentlemen, we must speak more loudly and more honestly! We must say openly that indeed the higher races have a right over the lower races...//

//I repeat, that the superior race races have a right because they have a duty. They have the duty to civilize inferior races...In the history of earlier centuries these duties gentlemen have been misunderstood; and certainly when the Spanish soldiers and explorers introduced slavery into Central America, they did not fulfill their duty as men of a higher race....But in our time, I maintain that European nations acquit themselves with generosity, with grandeur, and with sincerity of this superior civilizing duty.//

//I say that French colonial policy, the policy of colonial expansion, the policy that has taken us under the Empire, that has led us to Tunisia, to Madagascar- I say this policy of colonial expansion was inspired by...the fact that a navy such as ours cannot do without safe harbors, defenses, supply centers on the high seas...Are you unaware of this? Look at the map of the world.//


 * **Who is the author of this piece of evidence? What is his viewpoint?**
 * The author is Jules Ferry, the prime minister of France during his second term in office. His viewpoint is that the "higher races", the Europeans namely, have a duty to civilize the "lower races", the Africans namely, through colonization. Furthermore, he believes that to support his nation's superior navy, these lesser lands must act as supply centers and safe harbors.
 * **What justifications does he offer to support his viewpoint?**
 * He offers the fact that France has acquired land from Tunisia to Madagascar as justification for the need for safe harbors and refueling centers. He also states that the Spanish had done wrong when they introduced slavery to the Americas, not civilizing the people like they should have, but enslaving them.
 * **Why might he be giving this speech? What is the purpose of this speech?**
 * He might have given this speech in order to gain the French government's support for further colonization of Africa, tempting them with the promise of power, wealth, and recognition. The purpose of this speech is to entice the French policymakers into furthering French colonization of Africa in order to support the French navy and the French name.
 * **What does the speech tell you about life and attitudes of that time?**
 * The speech is a testament to the European superiority complex of the era, supporting the idea that the Europeans thought of themselves as a more developed race that had the purpose of advancing the lesser races of the world through forceful colonization. European sentiments were entirely racist toward Africans, viewing them as savages.

**//"The Rhodes of Colossus: Striding from Cape Town to Cairo"// Published in Punch, or the London Charivari, December 10, 1892.****Artists: Linley Sambourne**
 * ** Where and when was this political cartoon published? What impact might this have on its perspective and bias? **
 * This cartoon was published in London in 1892. This cartoon might have given British imperialists the idea that they could dominate the entire continent of Africa, due to the Colossus's massive gait extending over all of the continent. Since it was published in London, the bias is in favor of the British imperialism of Africa, because the capital would want to gain riches from its overseas lands.
 * ** What meaning does the title give to the Illustration? Why might the author have chosen the words he did (colossus, striding, Cape Town and Cairo)? **
 * The title indicates that the British would be the gateway to Africa, like the Colossus of Rhodes was the gateway to Rhodes. As for the names of the two cities, they were dominated by the British, and, being at opposite ends of Africa, would provide the British a huge stance over all of the continent.
 * ** Who is being depicted in this political cartoon? (research cartoon) What objects do you see? **
 * Cecil Rhodes, a British imperialist during the era of British imperialism in Africa is depicted here. He is holding a British military cap and has a rifle under his arm, indicating that the British intended to claim Africa with military means if necessary.
 * ** What is the artist's viewpoint? What evidence from the political cartoon supports your claim? **
 * The artist's viewpoint is that the British will be the dominant force in Africa, because the artist drew a British imperialist as a massive statue striding over all of Africa triumphantly, tipping his hat to the rest of the world as if he, and Britain, had won the race for Africa.

"**//Moshweshewe: Letter to Sir George Grey, 1858"// written by Mark X of Moshweshewe, Chief of the Basutos**.

https://docs.google.com/document/d/11-l0Ngbhbey1ZB6B0rCzZWr1a3GYkowu8G4mtjf0dP4/edit


 * **Who is the author? Why is he writing the letter? What is the purpose?**
 * Mark X, the chief of the Basuto tribe in Moshweshewe, is the author of this letter. He's writing the letter to inform Sir George Grey of the situation that him and his tribe have been put into by the invasive Boers and other high-ranking British officials, asking for help to stop their unfair territorial advances. The purpose of the letter is to sway Grey's opinion in favor of the tribe in order to put the Boers under control of the government and the chief.
 * **The letter included the names of several individuals and groups. Who are these individuals and groups? How do they impact the meaning of the letter? (you will have to research names and groups as example Boers, Harry Smith....).**
 * The Boers were South Africans of Dutch or German descent that would regularly fight with the native populations of Southern Africa and the British empire. They provide evidence of a common enemy among the British and the Basutos, which would help convey a message of real danger from the chief to the British officials. Sir P. Maitland was the governor of the Cape of Good Hope for a short while and was respected by the people of Lesotho when he offered a border dispute solution. His mention adds to the authenticity of the chief's letter, bringing to mind the idea that the British had actually tried to aid the Basutos, but that the Boers were being the rowdy ones. Sir Harry Smith was a lieutenant-general in South Africa during a period of warring between the Xhosa and Khoikhoi against the British. His mention gave proof of the chief's apparent submission to his will, because the old lieutenant-general was a very strict man when it came to civilizing the "savages".
 * **Do you think the letter was successful in fulfilling its purpose? Why or why not? Use evidence (quotes) from the letter to support your claim.**
 * I do not think that the letter was successful, because the British would keep expanding their territory in South Africa for years to come. Furthermore, the chief was an African man, and the British wouldn't dare to be commanded by an "uncivilized savage", especially if the chief had already talked to "Sir George Napier", "Sir P. Maitland", and "Sir Harry Smith" previously with no gains made. Also, the officials had already had the chief sign maps and treaties in order to keep the Boers "under proper control," but they kept coming back for more land.

**Source: Ndansi Kumalo, African veteran of the Ndebele Rebellion against British advances in southern Africa, 1896.**

//"So we surrendered to the White people and were told to go back to our homes and live our usual lives and attend to our crops. We were treated like slaves. They came and were overbearing. We were ordered to carry their clothes and bundles. They harmed our wives and our daughters. How the rebellion started I do not know; there was no organization, it was like a fire that suddenly flames up. I had an old gun. They—the White men—fought us with big guns, machine guns, and rifles. Many of our people were killed in this fight: I saw four of my cousins shot. We made many charges but each time we were defeated. But for the White men’s machine guns, it would have been different//."


 * **How were the people of southern Africa treated by the imperialists?**
 * The people of southern Africa were treated like slaves by the imperialists, being used as human pack-mules and sex objects. The imperialists showed no mercy when it came to the Africans, slaughtering them if they tried to fight back.
 * **Why was the African rebellion unsuccessful?**
 * The rebellion was unsuccessful, because the imperialists had much more powerful guns (machine guns and rifles) and plenty more guns and armaments than the Africans, easily overpowering and slaughtering them.

<span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);">**Source: Mojimba, African chief, describing a battle in 1877 on the Congo River against British and African mercenaries, as told to a German Catholic missionary in 1907.**

<span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);">//And still those bangs went on; the long sticks spat fire, pieces of iron whistled around us, fell into the water with a hissing sound, and our brothers continued to fall. We ran into our village and they ran after us. We fled into the forest and flung ourselves on the ground. When we returned that evening our eyes beheld fearful things: our brothers, dead, bleeding, our village plundered and burned, and the river full of dead bodies.You call us wicked men, but you White men are much more wicked! You think because you have guns you can take away our land and our possessions. You have sickness in your heads, for this is not justice.//


 * <span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);">**Who is the author of this source? What does it refer to?**
 * Mojimba, an African chief from the Congo area, is the author of this source. The source refers to an 1877 battle on the Congo River between the British, aided by African mercenaries, and the chief's people, and the slaughter that took place as a result of the battle.
 * <span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);">**Describe the strength of the sides in this battle using evidence from the text.**
 * The British side of this battle was obviously the more powerful side, because they had guns, or "long sticks" that "spat fire" and "pieces of iron". At the end of the battle, the village was destroyed, plundered, and the people had been slaughtered by the Europeans. The chief's side was the weaker side, because they had nothing capable of fighting the British weaponry, only being able to "[flee] into the forest" for protection.
 * <span style="background-color: rgba(255,255,255,0);">**What is the chief's opinion of the British?**
 * The chief believes that the British are wicked and evil people, using guns to take away the land and lives of the people who'd been in the area for thousands of years.


 * Source: German military officer, account of the 1905 Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa, German military weekly newspaper, 1906**.

//The chiefs spread it among their people that a spirit, living in the form of a snake, had given a magic medicine to a medicine man. The medicine guaranteed a good harvest, so that in future people would no more need to perform wage labor for foreigners in order to obtain accustomed luxuries. The medicine would also give invulnerability, acting in such a way that enemy bullets would fall from their targets like raindrops from a greased body. It would strengthen women and children for the flight customary in wartime, with the associated hardships and privations, and protect them from being seized by the victorious attackers, who were accustomed to taking women and children with them as war prizes. The medicine consisted of water, maize, and sorghum grains. The water was applied by pouring it over the head and by drinking.//


 * ** What is the message the German military officer was trying to send about the East Africans? Give evidence from the document to support your claim. **
 * The German officer was trying to allude to the fact that the East Africans believed that they had a protective medicine that would save them from bullets, saying that they would "fall from their targets like raindrops", and death if they tried to attack the Europeans. He might also be saying that the East Africans could be preparing for a rebellion with this new-found "magic medicine" of "invulnerability" and that this rebellion needs to be stopped before it starts.
 * **Why do you think the Africans made such claims?**
 * The Africans would've probably made claims like these in order to rally support and hope among their own people in the face of the overwhelming might of the European guns. With this disillusioned hope, the Africans could possibly fight back against the Europeans more fiercely than before.

**Smithsonian Institution sponsored African expedition for Theodore Roosevelt, 1909-1910. Photo was used as an illustration in Theodore Roosevelt's book, "African Game Trails" published in 1910.**
 * **Describe the person and objects in this photo.**
 * The person in the photo is Theodore Roosevelt, dressed like a big-game hunter, posing next to his trophy, an African Elephant. The elephant had been killed by Roosevelt and his high-caliber rifle, also seen in the image.
 * **What is the purpose of the photograph?**
 * The purpose of the photograph was to capture the memory of Roosevelt taking down a huge animal by himself, not only to add to his prestige, but also to add to the prestige of his book, published in 1910, that would use this image as an illustration.
 * **What economic or social implications does this photo indicate about Africa in 1909?**
 * This photo indicates that white men, especially imperialists, were keen about using the elephants of Africa to fuel the lucrative ivory trade which was beginning to become a major aspect of many African economies. Also, the photo indicates that the practice of hunting elephants was still very popular in Africa during the early 1900s; it wasn't considered immoral and wasn't banned during this era.


 * **What European industries benefited from African resources?**
 * The industries that benefited the most from African resources were the waterproof clothing/ tire/ insulation industries (rubber), the food processing industry (coffee, peanuts, bananas, sugar), the metal alloys industry (copper, zinc, lead), and the fabrics industry (cotton), among other industries such as jewelry making, fuel, and the soap/ candle making industry.
 * **Which European country do you feel had the most valuable colonies? Why?**
 * In terms of sheer wealth, I feel as though Great Britain had the most valuable colonies, because Rhodesia and South Africa alone provided various alloy metals needed to construct the modern industries of Britain, such as zinc and copper; they provided the fuel for all industries of the time, coal; and South Africa especially provided highly valuable minerals, like gold and diamonds, which could boost the economy of the imperial giant known as Great Britain.
 * **How could this document be used to explain the primary reason for European imperialism in Africa?**
 * Since this document provides information concerning the uses of African resources in the booming industries of the European continent, it no doubt highlights that the Europeans came to colonize Africa primarily for its raw materials and potential to help the economies of Europe grow. The resources were used so extensively that European economies couldn't function properly without them.

// "Colonialism’s greatest misdeed was to have tried to strip us of our responsibility in conducting our own affairs and convince us that our civilization was nothing less than savagery, thus giving us complexes which led to our being branded as irresponsible and lacking in self-confidence. . . // // The colonial powers had assimilated each of their colonies into their own economy. //  // Our continent possesses tremendous reserves of raw material and they, together with its potential sources of power, give it excellent conditions for industrialization. . ." // ** Sekou Toure, West African nationalist, 1962 **
 * **In 1962, what was the response of this West African nationalist to years of colonialism?**
 * This West African nationalist's response was one of sheer hate toward the Europeans, but also one of pride for his continent. The hate that he'd expressed comes from the knowledge that the Europeans had //made// his people into savages by treating them as such. However, he expressed pride for his continent, because he acknowledged that the land that he lived in contained the raw materials needed to fuel the future of humanity.